Coffee: Scoping Review with ☸️SAIMSARA.

Name: SAIMSARA Evidence Object longevity::COFFEE_SS
Creator: SAIMSARA
License: https://saimsara.com/license/

SAIMSARA

doi:10.62487/saimsara648ea100

SAIMSARA Journal

Machine-Readable Science • ISSN 3054-3991

Coffee: Scoping Review with ☸️SAIMSARA.

Longevity & Public Health

Issue 2, Volume 1, 2026

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DOI: 10.62487/saimsara648ea100

Editorial note

• Last update: 2026-03-23 11:59:17

What is this paper about

This paper shows that coffee is not simply “good” or “bad” for health: moderate intake is repeatedly linked with lower risks of stroke, dementia, diabetes, and death, while higher intake and certain coffee types can also carry harm signals. Read the full paper to see where the benefits look most convincing, where the evidence becomes conflicting, and which patients may need more caution than the usual “2–3 cups a day” message suggests.

Evidence preview · Did you know?

Decorative realistic image of moderate coffee drinking in a calm healthy daily-life setting.

Moderate coffee may have a sweet spot

Did you know? 2–3 cups/day were linked to the lowest risk of stroke and dementia.

The evidence map repeatedly points to dose: moderate intake often looks different from heavy consumption.

Decorative realistic image comparing ground coffee and instant coffee preparations.

The same habit can split by coffee type

Did you know? Ground coffee was associated with lower dementia risk, while instant coffee was linked to higher dementia risk and shorter telomere length.

This makes preparation a central signal, not a cosmetic detail.

Decorative realistic image of filtered and unfiltered coffee preparation with a clinical prevention mood.

“Healthy coffee” still needs safeguards

Did you know? Unfiltered coffee brews contain diterpenes that may raise serum cholesterol by 5.4–12.6 mg/dL.

The practical question is not only whether coffee helps, but which preparation is safest for which risk group.

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Abstract: This paper aims to systematically synthesize the findings from recent human studies on coffee consumption to identify its varied impacts on health outcomes, including chronic diseases, metabolic function, neurological health, and overall well-being. The review utilises 4049 original studies with 55611456 total participants (topic deduplicated ΣN). Across the mapped human evidence, the most consistent signal is that moderate coffee intake—often around 2–3 cups/day—is associated with lower risks of major outcomes such as stroke and dementia and lower total mortality. This pattern coexists with important qualifiers: higher intakes (e.g., >4 cups/day) and certain outcomes or subgroups show potential harm signals, including increased odds of ischemic stroke in one study, and ocular risk signals in glaucoma-related analyses. Beyond long-term disease associations, coffee also appears to have practical, near-term applications, such as supporting postoperative recovery and reducing pain after cesarean section, while adverse effects like insomnia remain commonly reported. Differences by coffee type and preparation recur across domains (e.g., instant vs brewed; caffeinated vs decaffeinated), suggesting that “coffee” is not a uniform exposure and that patient counseling should emphasize moderation and preparation choices alongside individual susceptibility. Future research should prioritize standardized exposure measurement and head-to-head comparisons of preparation/type, alongside well-designed dose-response trials and genetically informed analyses to clarify where observed associations are most likely to be robust and clinically actionable.
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Keywords: Caffeine; Cancer risk; Metabolic health; Cardiovascular health; Neurological effects; Gastrointestinal health; Immune system; Inflammation; Coffee use disorder; Genetic studies

Review Stats

Final search date and database lock: 2026-03-22 20:42:08 CET
Plan: Pro (expanded craft tokens; source: PubMed)
Source: PubMed
Total Abstracts/Papers: 22587
Downloaded Abstracts/Papers: 10000
Included original and non-original Abstracts/Papers (all): 4550
Included original Abstracts/Papers (Vote counting by direction of effect): 4049
Reference Index (links used in paper): 275
Total participants (topic deduplicated ΣN): 55611456

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Reference Index (275)

[1] Caffeinated Coffee Consumption or Abstinence to Reduce Atrial Fibrillation: The DECAF Randomized Clinical Trial. — https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.21056
[2] Metabolic shifts during coffee consumption refresh the immune response: insight from comprehensive multiomics analysis. — https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.617
[3] Coffee consumption with different additives and types, genetic variation in caffeine metabolism and new-onset acute kidney injury. — https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114524002873
[4] Coffee components and cardiovascular risk: beneficial and detrimental effects. — https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2014.940287
[5] Coffee constituents with antiadipogenic and antidiabetic potentials: A narrative review. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112821
[6] Coffee consumption and the risk of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1139-z
[7] Association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. — https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-024-01478-w
[8] Unwanted Clinical Complications Following the Consumption of Death Coffee: A Case Series. — https://doi.org/10.1002/npr2.70013

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