This paper shows that vascular calcification in CKD is not a passive byproduct of renal failure, but an active, biologically driven process fueled by phosphate burden, uremic toxins, inflammation, and VSMC transdifferentiation. The full paper is worth reading because it maps where the strongest mechanistic and clinical signals converge across 1,230 original studies, and highlights which biomarkers and interventions may actually become actionable in routine CKD care.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to comprehensively synthesize the current understanding of chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification by integrating findings from diverse study designs, including human cohorts, animal models, and in vitro experimental studies, to identify key mechanisms, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic targets. The review utilises 1230 original studies with 405323 total participants (topic deduplicated ΣN). This scoping review maps a large and rapidly expanding evidence base linking CKD with vascular calcification and highlights a prominent signal that uremic-toxin exposure, inflammation/oxidative stress, and VSMC osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation converge to accelerate medial calcification in the uremic milieu. Across topics, the evidence consistently emphasizes mineral dysregulation (particularly phosphate burden), CPP biology, and inflammatory signaling (including NLRP3/NF-κB) as recurrent mechanistic themes, alongside emerging roles for non-coding RNAs, exosome-mediated crosstalk, and progenitor-cell contributions. Clinically, the map supports practical focus on risk stratification and modifiable drivers (dialysis-related calcium/alkali loading, phosphate control, and magnesium/CPP modulation) while recognizing that several biomarker and therapeutic signals remain largely preclinical or early-phase. Interpretation is tempered by the scoping design and LLM-assisted classification workflow, which prioritize coverage over causal inference and may affect reproducibility. Future work should therefore concentrate on longitudinal validation of promising biomarkers and well-designed trials of mechanistically targeted interventions to determine which pathways are most actionable in routine CKD care.
Final search date and database lock: 2026-03-12 13:58:09 CET
Plan: Pro (expanded craft tokens; source: PubMed)
Source: PubMed
Total Abstracts/Papers: 2657
Downloaded Abstracts/Papers: 2657
Included original and non-original Abstracts/Papers (all): 1349
Included original Abstracts/Papers (OSMA vote counting by direction of effect): 1230
Reference Index (links used in paper): 212
Total participants (topic deduplicated ΣN): 405323
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Reference Index (212)
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[136] Histology and Immunohistochemistry of Radial Arteries Are Suggestive of an Interaction between Calcification and Early Atherosclerotic Lesions in Chronic Kidney Disease. — https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111156
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[195] Bisphosphonate FYB-931 Prevents High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Rat Aortic Rings by Altering the Dynamics of the Transformation of Calciprotein Particles. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-023-01086-z
[199] Indoxyl sulfate accelerates vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via microRNA-29b dependent regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.033
[203] MicroRNA-103a regulates the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting runt-related transcription factor 2 in high phosphorus conditions. — https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10468
[210] Targeted chelation therapy decreases NLRP3 expression by vascular cells and acts as senomorphic in chronic kidney disorder induced vascular calcification. — https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320251391142
[218] The G-protein coupled receptor ChemR23 determines smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching to enhance high phosphate-induced vascular calcification. — https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvy316
[220] Relation of fibroblast growth factor-23 and cardiovascular calcification in end-stage kidney disease patients on regular hemodialysis. — https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.198127
[223] Vascular Calcification and the Gut and Blood Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: A Pilot Study. — https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12070867
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[268] Adequate phosphate binding with lanthanum carbonate attenuates arterial calcification in chronic renal failure rats. — https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn737
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[278] Serum fetuin-A is associated with the components of MIAC(malnutrition, inflammation, atherosclerosis, calcification) syndrome in different stages of chronic kidney disease. — https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1809-43
[303] gene (vitamin K epoxide reductase) polymorphisms are associated with cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. — https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.190782
[306] Aortic calcification and femoral bone density are independently associated with left ventricular mass in patients with chronic kidney disease. — https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039241
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[326] Fibroblast growth factor 23 accelerates phosphate-induced vascular calcification in the absence of Klotho deficiency. — https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.332
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[418] Magnesium Modifies the Impact of Calcitriol Treatment on Vascular Calcification in Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease. — https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.115.228106
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[768] Coronary calcification is associated with lower bone formation rate in CKD patients not yet in dialysis treatment. — https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.090735
[782] A combined microRNA and target protein-based panel for predicting the probability and severity of uraemic vascular calcification: a translational study. — https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvaa255
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[849] Plasma osteoprotegerin is an independent risk factor for mortality and an early biomarker of coronary vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. — https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.2009.075
[856] Magnesium modulates the expression levels of calcification-associated factors to inhibit calcification in a time-dependent manner. — https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2215
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[894] Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is independently correlated to aortic calcification in haemodialysis patients. — https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq089
[922] Kruppel-like factor 4 contributes to high phosphate-induced phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteogenic cells. — https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m112.361360
[930] Effects of phosphorus-restricted diet and phosphate-binding therapy on outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-014-0071-2
[943] Low serum intact parathyroid hormone level is an independent risk factor for overall mortality and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in incident dialysis patients. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-016-3636-1
[944] Ferric citrate hydrate, a new phosphate binder, prevents the complications of secondary hyperparathyroidism and vascular calcification. — https://doi.org/10.1159/000348805
[947] Correlation Between Soluble Klotho and Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. — https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.711904
[967] Vitamin K supplementation and vascular calcification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. — https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1115069
[980] Upregulated LncRNA H19 Sponges MiR-106a-5p and Contributes to Aldosterone-Induced Vascular Calcification via Activating the Runx2-Dependent Pathway. — https://doi.org/10.1161/atvbaha.123.319308
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[1050] The Correlation of Serum Osteoprotegerin with Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from the KNOW-CKD Study. — https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e322
[1075] Vertebral bone density associates with coronary artery calcification and is an independent predictor of poor outcome in end-stage renal disease patients. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2016.08.007
[1078] Evaluation of aortic calcification with lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium-based phosphate binders in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an open-label randomized controlled trial. — https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.12153
[1089] Vitamin K supplementation impact in dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. — https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfad255
[1090] Calcification is associated with loss of functional calcium-sensing receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells. — https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvn279
[1091] Changes to bone mineral density, the trabecular bone score and hip structural analysis following parathyroidectomy: a case report. — https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02168-y
[1122] A Randomized Trial of Magnesium Oxide and Oral Carbon Adsorbent for Coronary Artery Calcification in Predialysis CKD. — https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2018111150
[1177] Low Turnover Renal Osteodystrophy With Abnormal Bone Quality and Vascular Calcification in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate CKD. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.022
[1200] Dissociation between progression of coronary artery calcification and endothelial function in hemodialysis patients: a prospective pilot study. — https://doi.org/10.5414/cn106830
[1218] The receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ ligand receptor leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4 contributes to parathyroid hormone-induced vascular calcification. — https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa290
[1261] Effect of Treating Hyperphosphatemia With Lanthanum Carbonate vs Calcium Carbonate on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis: The LANDMARK Randomized Clinical Trial. — https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.4807
