Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Scoping Review with ☸️SAIMSARA.

Name: SAIMSARA Evidence Object vascular::SVCS_PM
Creator: SAIMSARA
License: https://saimsara.com/license/

SAIMSARA

doi:10.62487/saimsaraea077b6a

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Scoping Review with ☸️SAIMSARA.

Issue 1, Volume 1, 2026

Editorial note

• Last update: 2026-05-12 20:39:15

What is this paper about

Superior vena cava syndrome is no longer only an oncologic emergency: this evidence map shows how malignancy, catheters, pacemaker leads, dialysis access, thrombosis, pediatric mediastinal tumors, and procedural risks converge in one clinically complex syndrome. The full SAIMSARA evidence map gives human- and machine-readable access to 1,185 original studies, clarifying when to prioritize tissue diagnosis, endovascular stenting, oncologic therapy, airway planning, or benign-disease venous reconstruction.

Human-verified editorial review Verified by World ID proof-of-human. This editorial layer was submitted from a SAIMSARA account verified as a unique human.

Evidence preview · Did you know?

Realistic hospital image showing urgent endovascular treatment planning for superior vena cava syndrome.

A blocked chest vein can be relieved fast

Did you know? In malignant SVCS, stenting reached technical success near 98–99%, symptom relief around 86–94%, and 12-month patency around 80–86%.

This makes SVCS a condition where rapid mechanical palliation may change the immediate clinical pathway.

Realistic split clinical image suggesting lung cancer, mediastinal disease, catheters, pacemaker leads, and dialysis access.

Still cancer-dominant, but device-era SVCS is rising

Did you know? Adult SVCS was malignancy-related in 60% to 90.1% of cases, but one benign SVCS cohort found 71% caused by intravascular devices.

The evidence map captures both the classic cancer emergency and the modern catheter, pacemaker, and dialysis-access problem.

Realistic pediatric hospital and airway-planning scene for a mediastinal mass with superior vena cava syndrome risk.

In children, SVCS may mean airway danger

Did you know? SVCS was present in 25% of children admitted to PICU for emergency care due to mediastinal mass.

This turns pediatric SVCS into an oncology, anesthesia, and airway-planning signal — not only a venous obstruction.

Swipe sideways on mobile · full evidence map opens after unlock

Abstract:

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Review Stats

Final search date and database lock: 2026-05-11 23:46:23 CEST

Plan: Pro (expanded craft tokens; source: PubMed)

Source: PubMed

Total Abstracts/Papers: 3613

Downloaded Abstracts/Papers: 3613

Included original and non-original Abstracts/Papers (all): 1336

Included original Abstracts/Papers (Vote counting by direction of effect): 1185

Reference Index (links used in paper): 200

Total participants (topic deduplicated ΣN): 573425

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Unlock the full evidence map

The full evidence review, including the Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, figures, and complete reference index, opens after purchase or sign-in. The Evidence Object JSON is a separate machine-readable evidence product: a concentrated synthesis of results, topic-level evidence, and discussion across original and non-original studies. It can be directly input into your LLM, agent, or RAG workflow.

Reference Index (200)

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[10] Vena cava superior syndrome in the children with mediastinal tumors: Single-center experience. — https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2019.46354
[11] Pleural effusions in superior vena cava syndrome: prevalence, characteristics, and proposed pathophysiology. — https://doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0b013e32812144aa
[13] Superior vena cava syndrome: A radiation oncologist's perspective. — https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.177503
[14] Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Due to Mediastinal Tuberculous Lymphadenitis. — https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.166
[18] Application of Kissing Technique for the Treatment of Superior Vena Cava Syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2022.01.010
[24] Safety and effectiveness of vascular endoprosthesis for malignant superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2007.086017
[25] CT diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome: importance of collateral vessels. — https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.161.3.8352099
[26] Central venous access port placement by translumbar approach using angio-CT unit in patients with superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-018-0742-3
[43] Anesthetic management of superior vena cava syndrome due to anterior mediastinal mass. — https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9185.94910
[53] Radio-anatomy of the superior vena cava syndrome and therapeutic orientations. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2012.03.025
[69] Catheter-directed thrombectomy with the JETi8 in the treatment of acute superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2022.07.009
[88] Superior vena cava syndrome in infants. — https://doi.org/10.1177/000992288902800409
[100] A STUDY OF SUPERIOR VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30674-3
[103] Superior Vena Cava Rupture and Cardiac Tamponade Complicating the Endovascular Treatment of Malignant Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. — https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564795
[104] Radionuclide venography in the evaluation of superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-198104000-00010
[112] Atrial flutter caused by migration of a superior vena cava stent into the right atrium. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancard.2022.07.003
[113] Large-bore catheter selection in endovascular management of superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2025.101977
[117] Bilateral absence of the superior vena cava presenting with superior vena cava syndrome: A case report. — https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.14423
[143] [Superior vena cava syndrome caused by multinodular goiter]. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2565(00)70607-2
[149] Clinical or Imaging Diagnosis of the Current Medical Practice for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome? — https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11112058
[186] [Thrombosis of the superior vena cava revealing a protein S deficiency]. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneumo.2012.08.001
[188] Focal Hepatic Hot Spot ('Hot Quadrate') Sign on Contrast‑enhanced Abdominal CT: A Telltale Pearl Indicating Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.5334/jbsr.4164
[192] A rare complication of hemodialysis catheters: superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4758.2007.00205.x
[197] Morphological observation by intravascular ultrasound in superior vena cava syndrome after pacemaker implantation. — https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0304(199601)37:1%3C83::aid-ccd22%3E3.0.co;2-w
[199] Fibrosing mediastinitis as a cause of superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.03.025
[223] Intracaval and intracardiac extension of malignant thymoma. — https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.32.257
[232] Correction of superior vena cava syndrome with superficial femoral vein juguloatrial bypass. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s10016-006-9120-1
[243] Asymptomatic azygos vein overflow in a young patient with primary mediastinal seminoma. — https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.13170
[246] Superior vena cava obstruction and mediastinal mass detected by point-of-care ultrasonography. — https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.22847
[247] Superior vena cava syndrome in a patient with polycytemia vera: diagnosis and treatment. — https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/791648
[251] Acute Pericardial Effusion during Endovascular Intervention for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Case Series and Review. — https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971198
[257] Metastatic Melanoma Causing Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome: A Case Report of a 65-Year-Old Male With a History of Multiple Myeloma and Melanoma. — https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.63522
[265] Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-1900-7
[272] Treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome by endovascular stent insertion. Experience on 52 patients with lung cancer. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(03)00361-1
[273] Catheterization of PICC through a superficial femoral vein for patients with superior vena cava syndrome using ECG positioning and ultrasound-guided technologies. — https://doi.org/10.1177/11297298211035331
[283] Malignant Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: A Scoping Review. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.04.019
[310] [Progress on the Therapeutic Approaches for Malignant Tumor  with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome]. — https://doi.org/10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.11.11
[321] Approach to the patient who presents with superior vena cava obstruction. — https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.103.4_supplement.394s
[332] Treatment of catheter-induced thrombotic superior vena cava syndrome: a single institution's experience. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s005200000118
[334] Pediatric superior vena cava syndrome: An evidence-based systematic review of the literature. — https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.27225
[343] Leadless pacing in a patient with superior vena cava syndrome undergoing lead extraction and percutaneous angioplasty. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jccase.2018.02.008
[370] Successful emergency stent implantation for superior vena cava perforation during malignant stenosis venoplasty. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-009-9587-6
[383] The azygos vein pathway: an overview from anatomical variations to pathological changes. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-014-0351-3
[387] Leadless pacemakers as a new alternative for pacemaker lead-related superior vena cava syndrome: A case report. — https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.14520
[398] Thoracic actinomycosis as a cause of superior vena cava syndrome: report of a case. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-003-2715-z
[406] Superior vena cava obstruction: evaluation with digital subtraction angiography. — https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.160.3.3526408
[427] Fibrosing TB mediastinitis presenting as a superior vena cava syndrome: a case presentation and echocardiogram correlate. — https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2006.00265.x
[438] Shock due to superior vena cava obstruction detected with point of care ultrasound. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.03.032
[441] Role of CT scanning in the superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1097/00000421-198602000-00017
[447] Acute superior vena cava syndrome after rupture of Kommerell's diverticulum: a case report. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.08.018
[449] Hepatic "hot-spot" on angio-computed tomography: the role of inferior Sappey's and ensiform veins. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-021-02699-5
[470] Pacemaker-induced superior vena cava syndrome: report of four cases and review of the literature. — https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.1989.tb01881.x
[476] Transesophageal Echocardiogram-Guided Stent Placement in Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Secondary to Granulomatous Lung Disease: A Case Series and Literature Review. — https://doi.org/10.1177/1538574417723157
[478] Superior vena cava syndrome - changing etiology in the third millennium. — https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203311412412
[480] Doppler superior vena cava flow evolution and respiratory variation in superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2007.00602.x
[481] Hypotensive patient with superior vena cava obstruction diagnosed using resuscitative transesophageal echocardiography. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2023.07.037
[482] Superior vena cava syndrome caused by an anterior mediastinal tumor during general anesthesia: A case report. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.12.006
[486] The first reported case of factor V Leiden mutation with agenesis of superior vena cava: A case report. — https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000010511
[488] Superior vena cava syndrome during the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in an HIV-1 infected patient. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(00)80015-8
[509] Superior Vena Cava Syndrome as the Initial Manifestation of a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: A Case Report. — https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.96380
[512] A retrospective stenting study on superior vena cava syndrome caused by lung cancer. — https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.13461
[514] Percutaneous management of superior vena cava syndrome in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.11.012
[519] Superior vena cava syndrome due to Graves' disease. — https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.32.80
[530] Superior vena cava stents: Doppler US of the internal mammary veins to detect collateral flow--preliminary observations. — https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.204.3.9280273
[534] Invasive thymoma presenting as classic superior vena cava syndrome: a case of venous spread metastasis. — https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-217695
[535] Endovascular Stenting in Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-022-03178-z
[536] Cardiac tamponade after malignant superior vena cava stenting: Two case reports and brief review of the literature. — https://doi.org/10.3109/02841850903578807
[538] [Spiral CT study of superior vena cava syndrome: correlation between collateral pathways and obstruction site and degree]. — https://doi.org/10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2001.05.09
[544] Superior vena cava syndrome as an initial presentation of low-grade follicular lymphoma. — https://doi.org/10.12788/jcso.0088
[565] Superior vena cava obstruction and cardiovascular implantable electronic devices-a new era of leadless devices. — https://doi.org/10.21037/med-23-33
[586] [Painless aortic dissection late after aortic valve replacement, presenting as superior vena cava syndrome]. — https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03217809
[599] Large thoracic tumour without superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2017.0034
[601] Large-bore nitinol stents for malignant superior vena cava syndrome: factors influencing outcome. — https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.12.9582
[604] Endovascular management of central venous catheter induced superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1177/11297298241303191
[627] Transcatheter stenting of superior vena cava obstruction after pediatric heart transplantation: A single-center experience assessing risk factors and outcomes. — https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13267
[630] Superior vena cava syndrome after bone marrow transplantation caused by aspergillosis: a case report. — https://doi.org/10.1080/1024533021000008137
[633] Superior vena cava syndrome as a presentation of metastatic prostate cancer. — https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2012-006480
[652] Cardiac tamponade after superior vena cava stenting. — https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-234345
[656] Role of irradiation in the management of superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(87)90068-x
[658] Superior Vena Cava Syndrome and Wallstent: A Systematic Review. — https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.ra.21-00118
[663] Lead-related superior vena cava syndrome: Management and outcomes. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.09.006
[664] Superior vena cava syndrome: diagnostic procedures. — https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-198305000-00001
[666] Endoprosthesis implantation at the entry pathway of the right atrium monitored by intracardiac ultrasound. — https://doi.org/10.1590/s0066-782x2007000300021
[671] Computed tomographic evaluation of compression of the superior vena cava and its tributaries. — https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02552866
[673] Pulmonary Nocardiosis with Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in a HIV-Infected Patient: a Rare Case Report in the World. — https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.470
[677] A High-Risk Rigid Bronchoscopy for a Patient With a Mediastinal Mass Causing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, Lobar Collapse, and Pulmonary Artery Compression: A Case Report. — https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.84993
[686] Superior vena cava syndrome: A real-world analysis of 91 cases. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2026.107431
[687] A retrospective cohort study of the clinical safety of endobronchial ultrasound in patients with superior vena cava obstruction. — https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000042969
[696] Superior Vena Cava Obstruction in Hemodialysis Patients: Symptoms, Clinical Presentation and Outcomes Compared to Other Etiologies. — https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.12395
[698] Symptomatic superior vena cava syndrome in hemodialysis patients: mid-term results of primary stenting. — https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2017.05.001
[699] Isolated pharmacomechanical thrombolysis plus primary stenting in a single procedure to treat acute thrombotic superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1583/09-2940.1
[701] A case of superior vena cava syndrome caused by a ruptured brachiocephalic artery aneurysm. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2014.03.004
[705] Covered stent placement for the treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome: is unilateral covered stenting safe and effective? — https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2014.15.1.87
[713] Clinical analysis of 48 cases of malignant superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-021-02300-8
[722] Major vascular complications in Behçet's syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.44.512.453
[728] Safety and efficacy of large-bore uncovered stents for treating malignant superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111446
[737] ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Thoracic Venous Occlusions-Suspected Superior Vena Cava Syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2025.10.029
[739] Substernal multinodular goiter resulting in superior vena cava syndrome and tracheal compression. — https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2022-252827
[754] A Rare Case of TENIS Presenting with SVC Thrombus - Highlighting the Role of PET-CT scan. — https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnm.ijnm_13_21
[762] Reconstruction of superior vena cava syndrome due to benign disease using superficial femoral vein. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2009.12.007
[763] Superior vena cava obstruction: dangers of a missed diagnosis. — https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01741.x
[764] Superior vena cava syndrome without thrombosis revealing Behçet's disease: Two cases. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.08.006
[773] Stent therapy for malignant superior vena cava syndrome: should be first line therapy or simple adjunct to radiotherapy. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(02)00207-3
[775] Superior vena cava syndrome following neonatal cardiac surgery. — https://doi.org/10.1097/00130478-200101000-00009
[777] Endovascular treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome: results and predictive factors of clinical efficacy. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-011-0310-z
[785] Trousseau's syndrome with brachiocephalic vein thrombosis in a patient with uterine carcinosarcoma. A case report. — https://doi.org/10.1177/000331979905000611
[787] EBUS-TBNA in patients presented with superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.03.015
[793] Surgical technique and outcomes associated with the use of femoral vein in venous reconstruction for superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1177/17085381251313983
[796] The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology. — https://doi.org/10.1097/01.md.0000198474.99876.f0
[804] Superior vena cava syndrome in chronic intestinal failure patients: When the going gets tough. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.11.027
[805] Symptom relief, prognostic factors, and outcome in patients receiving urgent radiation therapy for superior vena cava syndrome : A single-center retrospective analysis of 21 years' practice. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-022-01952-z
[811] Superior mediastinal syndrome due to intrathoracic tuberculosis. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-010-0147-5
[812] Primary angiosarcoma of superior vena cava: an unexpected diagnosis after an oncological emergency. — https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-241266
[815] Lead-Related Venous Obstruction in Patients With Implanted Cardiac Devices: JACC Review Topic of the Week. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.017
[824] Endovascular therapy for superior vena cava syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100970
[832] Superior vena cava thrombosis after in vitro fertilization: case report and review of the literature. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s100169910049
[853] The feasibility and safety of PICCs accessed via the superficial femoral vein in patients with superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000810
[854] Thrombotic superior vena cava syndrome: a national emergency department database study. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-021-02548-7
[859] Anatomic bifurcated reconstruction of chronic bilateral innominate-superior vena cava occlusion using the Y-stenting technique. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2011.10.005
[861] Superior vena cava syndrome caused by a malignant tumor: a retrospective single-center analysis of 124 cases. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-014-1764-6
[865] Comparison between 1-week and 2-week palliative radiotherapy courses for superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.3857/roj.2023.00626
[866] Sequential treatment of superior vena cava syndrome caused by of non-small cell carcinoma lung cancer (NSCLC) with vascular stenting and iodine-125 implantation. — https://doi.org/10.1177/153303460900800405
[867] Evaluation of stent placement for vena cava syndrome: phase II trial and phase III randomized controlled trial. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4397-5
[873] Iodine brachytherapy stents for lung cancer with superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-15777-x
[875] Clinical features and results of management of superior vena cava syndrome secondary to lymphoma. — https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.1984.2.4.260
[877] The diagnostic yield of transbronchial needle aspiration in superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(03)00293-9
[878] Superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02723212
[879] Thoracic tumor resection combined with SVC replacement using autologous pericardium. — https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-019-1769-3
[880] When is a mediastinal mass critical in a child? An analysis of 29 patients. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-004-1142-6
[882] Clinical outcome of stenting in superior vena cava syndrome associated with malignant tumors. Comparison with conventional treatment. — https://doi.org/10.3109/02841859809175494
[883] Kissing Viabahn VBX stent graft reconstruction of thoracic central veins for management of superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2022.05.008
[888] [Mediastinal fibrosis combined with Behçet's disease. Three case reports]. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(00)88935-3
[891] Two is company, three is a crowd. — https://doi.org/10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283515c85
[892] Development and validation of a nomogram for assessing survival in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer patients with superior vena cava syndrome referred for thoracic radiotherapy: a comparison of upfront vs. consolidative approaches. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-021-01783-4
[896] Risk factors for hypotension in patients with hemodialysis-associated superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2023.08.021
[901] Catheter thrombosis and superior/inferior vena cava syndrome are rare complications of long term parenteral nutrition. — https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5614(94)90025-6
[908] Safety and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy for superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.99.1.54
[909] Outcome of stenting in central venous obstruction of benign etiology. — https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000917
[912] Superior vena cava syndrome. Rapid histologic diagnosis by ultrasound-guided transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy. — https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.8118650
[913] Clinical outcomes of intra-arterial chemotherapy combined with iodine-125 seed brachytherapy in the treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome caused by small cell lung cancer. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2023.01.008
[914] Venous Collateral Pathways in Superior Thoracic Inlet Obstruction: A Systematic Analysis of Anatomy, Embryology, and Resulting Patterns. — https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.18.20172
[915] Altered flow dynamics of intravascular contrast material to the liver in superior vena cava syndrome: CT findings. — https://doi.org/10.1007/s002619910034
[916] Thoracic collateral venous channels: normal and pathologic CT findings. — https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199009000-00017
[918] Vascular involvement in Behçet's disease: 8-year audit. — https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00299119
[923] Superior vena cava syndrome induced by bronchogenic carcinoma: is this an oncological emergency? — https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.1993.tb00096.x
[928] Thromboembolic complications in children with nephrotic syndrome in Bulgaria (1974-1996). — https://doi.org/10.1007/s004679900253
[930] Secondary Cardiac Lymphoma Presenting as Sick Sinus Syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation Which Required Leadless Pacemaker Implantation. — https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.5573-20
[940] Surgical outcomes after superior vena cava reconstruction with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. — https://doi.org/10.5761/atcs.oa.13-00050
[948] Young Man with Cardiac Arrest Secondary to Undiagnosed Mediastinal Mass: A Case Report. — https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2020.11.49235
[953] Malignant superior vena cava syndrome: a comparative cohort study of treatment with covered stents versus uncovered stents. — https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120517
[954] Endovascular stenting as the first step in the overall management of malignant superior vena cava syndrome. — https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.08.1904
[955] Complications of superior versus inferior vena cava occlusion in infants receiving central total parenteral nutrition. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(84)80363-2
[962] Superior vena cava obstruction: bypass using spiral vein graft. — https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00145-9
[963] Surgical management of mediastinal goiters: when is a sternotomy required? — https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924440
[965] [Effectiveness of endovascular prostheses as initial treatment for superior vena cava syndrome of malignant cause]. — https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2011.11.012
[967] Endovascular Management of SVC Syndrome due to Fibrosing Mediastinitis-A Feasibility and Safety Analysis. — https://doi.org/10.1177/1538574418757401
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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Scoping Review with ☸️SAIMSARA.

Cardiac & Vascular Health

Issue 1, Volume 1, 2026

A blocked chest vein can be relieved fast

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In children, SVCS may mean airway danger

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